The Standard Model makes several predictions about the universe

What is the LHC Looking For What Is the LHC Looking For? In an attempt to understand our universe, including how it works and its actual structure, scientists proposed a theory called the standard model. This theory tries to define and explain Women's Puma Repli Cat III the fundamental particles that make the universe what Mens Puma Ferrari Shoes it is. It combines elements from Einstein's theory of relativity with quantum theory. It also deals with three of the four basic forces of the universe: strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force. It does not address the effects of gravity, the fourth fundamental force. The Standard Model makes several predictions about the universe, many of which seem to be true according to various experiments. But there are other aspects of the model that remain unproven. One of those is a theoretical particle called the Higgs boson particle. The Higgs boson particle may answer questions about mass. Why does matter have mass? Scientists have identified particles that have no mass, such as neutrinos. Why should one kind of particle have mass and another lack it? Scientists have proposed many ideas to explain the existence of mass. The simplest of these is the Higgs mechanism. This theory says that there may be a particle and a corresponding mediating force that would explain Mens Puma Baylee Future Cat why some particles have mass. The theoretical particle has never been observed and may not even exist. Some scientists hope the events created by the LHC will also uncover evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson particle. Others hope that the events will provide hints of new information we haven't even considered yet. Another question scientists have about matter deals with early conditions in the universe. During the earliest moments of the universe, matter and energy were coupled. Just after matter and energy separated, particles of matter and antimatter annihilated each other. If there had been an equal amount of matter and antimatter, the two kinds of particles would have canceled each other out. But fortunately for us, there was a bit more matter than antimatter in the universe. Scientists hope that they'll be able to observe antimatter during LHC events. That might help us understand why there was a miniscule difference in the amount of matter versus antimatter Women's Puma Tour Cat Lo L when the universe began. Dark matter might also play an important role in LHC research. Our current understanding of the universe suggests that the matter we can observe only accounts for about 4 percent of all the matter that must exist. Mens Puma First Round When we look at the movement of galaxies and other celestial bodies, we see that their motions suggest there's much more matter in the universe than we can detect. Scientists named this undetectable material dark matter. Together, observable matter and dark matter could account for about 25 percent of the universe. The other Mens Puma Tour Cat Lo L three quarters would come from a force called dark energy, a hypothetical energy that contributes to the expansion of the universe. Scientists hope Mens Puma Caterpillar Shoes that their experiments will either provide further evidence for the existence of dark matter and dark energy or provide evidence that could support an alternate theory. That's just the tip of the particle physics iceberg, though. There are even more exotic and counterintuitive things the LHC might turn up. Like Women's Puma Voltaic Shoes what? Find out in the next section. Big Bang on a Small Scale By smashing protons together hard and fast enough, the LHC will cause protons to break apart into smaller atomic subparticles. These tiny subparticles are very unstable and only exist for a fraction of a second before decaying or recombining Cheap Puma Shoes with other subparticles. But according to the Big Bang theory, all matter in the early universe consisted of these tiny subparticles. As the universe expanded and cooled, these particles combined to form larger particles like protons and neutrons.

mutation can cause methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

What is the Effect of the MTHFR Gene Mutation in Humans What is the MTHFR gene?The full name of the MTHFR gene is "methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H)." The protein encoded by this gene is an Mens Puma Ferrari Shoes enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of methylenetetrahydrofolate to methyltetrahydrofolate, "a cofactor for homocysteine methylation to methionine" (Goyette et al., 1994). This enzyme is essential for the homeostasis and normal metabolism of intracellular folate. In humans, MTHFR is located on the chromosome 1. It is expressed in various tissues including the brain, muscle, liver, and stomach (Gaughan et al., 2000). MTHFR gene mutation can cause methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Genetic variations in this gene have been related to many diseases including colon cancer, leukemia, vascular disease, depression, schizophrenia, migraine with aura, glaucoma, Down syndrome, and neural tube defects. MTHFR gene mutation and diseasesDifferent types of mutations have been found in the MTHFR gene, including missense and Mens Puma Cabana Racer II LX nonsense mutations (Goyette et al., 1994). MTHFR gene mutations may cause the deficiency of the protein, which has been related to diseases such as homocystinuria, an inherited disorder with the abnormal metabolism of the amino acid methionine. The symptoms of homocystinuria include delayed Mens Puma Baylee Future Cat development, visual problems, long limbs, and Mens Puma Mummy Shoes psychiatric disorders. A common gene mutation may occur at the nucleotide number 677, with a C to T substitution. The mutation converts the alanine to a valine residue. In patients with low folate Women's Puma Fluxion II status, this 677C T mutation has been connected to hyperhomocysteinemia that has high levels of homocysteine in the blood (Guttormsen et al., 1996). It is a problem that may show symptoms of general pain and inflammation, with the increased risk of heart disease. The hyperhomocysteinemia patients often also have reduced intake of vitamins, consume more coffee, and smoke frequently. This is caused by a mutation that prohibts the body from converting folate into usable Methylfolate (L MTHF). One possible treatment is for patients with this condition to take L MTHF (or 5 MTHF). This MTHFR gene mutation (677C T) has been considered a critical risk factor in vascular disease. For example, a study of 362 Japanese male patients found the association between this mutation and coronary artery disease (CAD) (Morita et al., 1997). The mutation may cause impaired folate metabolism, which leads to the elevation of plasma homocystine levels and the increased risk of coronary Women's Puma Usain Bolt Shoes heart disease (Klerk et al., 2002). In addition, this mutation has been suggested a risk factor for hypertension (Qian et al., 2007). MTHFR and cancer treatmentMTHFR gene mutations play significant Mens Puma Repli Cat III roles in the investigation of cancer treatment. This is because of their close relationships with the intracellular folate Women's Puma Lazy Insect Shoes composition and one carbon transfer reactions (Kim, 2009). Specifically, the MTHFR 677C T mutation has been associated with cancer risks. The combination of this mutation with low folate levels may be related to abnormal DNA methylation, a common feature of human neoplasia (Castro et al., 2004). Furthermore, genetic variations in Women's Puma Voltaic Shoes the MTHFR gene have been connected with the responses to chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5 Cheap Puma Shoes fluorouracil (5FU) and methotrexate (MTX) (Kim, 2009). These drugs are commonly used for cancer treatments and for anti inflammatory effects. In fact, MTHFR inhibition has been suggested as a potential target for improving the effects of 5FU based chemotherapy. What others are readingHazel Eyes and GeneticsThe MTHFR Mutation in HumansEarlobes and Human GeneticsWhat Causes Widow's Peak Hair? Is Genetics Involved?An Overview of Cleft Chin: What is it and What Causes It? The Genetics of Red HairWhat Causes Polydactyly?What Determines Eye Color? The Genetics of Blue, Green, Brown, Gray and Hazel EyesThe Genetics of DimplesTongue Rolling Genetics.

Delta Plain This is where the river water flows into the larger

What Is a River Delta and How Is it Formed Parts of a Delta A delta is comprised of four distinct regions: the subaqueous, subaerial, lower delta plain and upper delta plain. Subaqueous This is the portion of the delta that remains below the low tide mark. It is comprised of very fine silt that decreases in size the further away from the mouth of the river you get. Subaerial This area is above the low tide mark and consists of various sized sand and rock that is constantly in flux due to the actions of the tidal force. Lower Delta Plain This is where the river water flows into the larger body of water. Silt deposit formations are subject to both river current and tidal forces. Upper Delta Plain This is the starting point of the delta, and the silt here consists of the largest particles. There is relatively little impact from the large body of water or its forces here. Types of Deltas Wave dominated A wave dominated delta begins as a standard Women's Puma Lazy Insect Shoes wave shape, and then the waves from the tide start to drag away the outer edge of the fan. Because of the linear shape of the outgoing tide, the edge of the delta that is drawn away looks like a straight line. This, coupled with the fanning shape of the initial delta, Cheap Puma Shoes creates the Mens Puma Cabana Racer II LX classic triangular shape. Tide Dominated (Bird's Foot) A tide dominated delta is often fully covered by the tide as it comes in. The smaller, lighter silt is dragged out into the large body of water leaving sand bars of larger silt particles. When the tide is out, Women's Puma Fluxion II the dendrite structure Mens Puma Engine Cat Shoes of the remaining delta can be seen. There are usually several small branches that the river follows through the sand bars to the larger body of water. Gilbert Gilbert deltas are formed when a freshwater river runs into a large freshwater lake. These deltas have coarser silt than freshwater or sea water deltas as the water mixes more quickly and the lighter silt is thrust out into the lake quicker. In the seawater deltas, the freshwater is less dense and stays on top of the seawater for longer making it easier for silt to trickle through. Cuspate A cuspate delta is tooth shaped. These form where there is significant tidal force for equal and opposite directions. Although rare, they do occur on very large bodies of water. A good example is the Tiber River in Italy; its delta in the Mediterranean Sea. floods, spring river Women's Puma Michael Schumacher runs, etc.). Stagnate This is the term for a delta that has reached equilibrium. Prograde A prograde delta is one in which the depositing of silt outweighs Mens Puma Complete Shoes the tidal force dragging it away. These deltas grow outward into the large body of water until equilibrium is achieved. Aggrade An aggradation occurs when the delta starts to accumulate biomass. This can be from plant growth or from the Women's Puma Mummy Low collection of decaying organic material collected from the tides. These deltas grow upwards Mens Puma Caterpillar Shoes instead of outwards. Transgression A delta in transgression is receding from the sea. The tidal force is stronger than the river and thus pulls away more silt than is being deposited. Where a river delta begins and where it ends are always approximations. To determine what is a river delta and what is not would require consistent monitoring of silt deposits. Because this is impractical, the area that is considered the beginning of a delta usually is determined by the coastline surrounding the river while the end of the delta is determined by the reach of the sediment deposits at low tide. Of course, these are just estimates and the lower delta plain almost always extends past the low tide region, but there is no way to determine where it ends and the sea floor begins. There is simply a transitional area. In any case, the important thing is that the river delta is a transitional space between the river and the larger body of water.

There might be subpopulations that only mate with each other

Weinberg Equilibrium Theorem in Population Genetics Suppose you have an infinitely large population with one gene that has two alleles. Call the alleles A and a. Both alleles are equally good in terms of evolutionary fitness (so, no natural selection occurring), and every individual is willing to mate with every other individual (no sexual selection either). Suppose you know how many of each allele is in a particular generation the overall percentages of A and Women's Puma Grit Cat III a. What will be their percentages (or "frequencies") in the next generation? That last is one of the key questions in the study of population genetics how allele frequencies change from generation to generation in a given population. For the above imaginary population, the answer is called the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. So what does that mean? First, p stands for the percentage of allele A in the population, and q stands for the percentage of allele a. Since the total number of alleles adds up to 100%, q is also 100% minus p. (More conventionally, these are Mens Puma Cabana Racer II LX usually written as decimals, so q = 1 p.) When two individuals in the population mate, there is a p% chance that the egg will have allele A, and a q% chance it will have a. Likewise for the sperm. The chance for an egg and sperm both with A will therefore be p x p, or p2. Likewise for a and q. The chances for a match of A and a, or a and A, are p x q and q x p, which makes it 2pq. Thus, individuals of the next generation will have a p2% chance of being AA, a 2pq% chance of being Aa, and a q2% chance of being aa. The Chart So much for the basic math. Now look at the chart to the left, which shows the frequency diagram for every possible combination of Mens Puma Engine Cat Shoes A and a in the population. You read it by where the lines fall on the Y axis (the vertical bar). For example, when the population has 100% A, it has 0% Women's Puma Metal Racing Shoes a, and every individual will be AA. The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the population is therefore 1 : 0 : 0. When it has 50% A, it also has 50% a and the population Women's Puma Espera shoes will have 25% AA homozygotes, 50% Aa heterozygotes, and 25% aa homozygotes or 0.25 : 0.5 : 0.25. You can find the frequencies for every other percentage of A or a in between as well. Just remember that the three numbers always add up to 1. Once the alleles are in Hardy Weinberg proportions, it stays exactly the same in Mens Puma Mummy Shoes all future generations so long as mating Women's Puma Michael Schumacher remains random, no natural selection occurs, and the population remains large. Hence why it's called an "equilibrium."So far we've been talking about an imaginary population. How do real populations violate Hardy Weinberg principle conditions? Some examples: Populations can't literally Cheap Puma Shoes be infinite in size. The equilibrium still works, however, if the population is just very large. For small populations, genetic drift will eventually cause one of the alleles to be "fixed" while the other disappears, reaching a 1:0:0 Mens Puma Fluxion II Shoes equilibrium. Natural selection is often an important factor. Mating is not random for every gene in a real population the phenotypes for some alleles will look more attractive to mates than others. There might be subpopulations that only mate with each other instead of with everyone in the entire population for example, small groups on individual islands. If a real population's frequency distribution doesn't match the predictions of the theorem, it means something interesting is happening with that particular gene which points us (population geneticists) in useful Women's Puma Voltaic Shoes directions of research. Hardy Weinberg equations exist for other configurations of alleles and genes as well for example, a gene with three alleles instead of two (the human ABO blood group system is a good example). Each configuration has its own set of frequency distributions. When there are two or more genes (two locuses), it starts being more about haplotypes than genotypes, and the analogous frequency equations are called linkage equilibriums.

the white hole would resemble the typical type of water fountain

Violent Emissions and Odd Equations What is a White Hole? There are a variety of ways to explain a white hole. Generally speaking, they could be described as a theoretical exit for all the matter sucked into a black hole; or even more generally Mens Puma Mihara MY-41 as an event where matter is being spewed outward at one end. Mens Puma Ferrari Shoes This exit would either be shooting the matter into another part of our universe or possibly shooting matter into another universe. Whereas a black hole looks somewhat like a reverse or inverted water fountain, with the water falling into some hole, the white hole would resemble the typical type of water fountain we are used to seeing, with the water being shot out into the air. So there is matter entering something similar in structure to a worm hole (or an Einstein Rosen bridge) via a black hole mouth, and then what comes in is projected out through a white hole on the other end of the worm hole. However, there are a few issues relating to the passage of matter through a black hole to be delved into in the second section. Another way of looking at a white hole is as part of a geodesically complete system. What this means generally is that the equations which allow for black holes to exist, also require the existence of white holes elsewhere in existence to complete the geodesic map. And thus, we get the idea of white holes being described as "time reverse" black holes: White holes are what black holes become when you reverse the direction of time in the same equations; black holes absorbing matter become white holes emitting matter. This is all Women's Puma Repli Cat III part of geodesic completeness: In order for a model to be "complete" it must also include the negative part of the scale. It is also worth mentioning here that there is some speculation out Mens Puma Tour Cat Lo L there that our universe is the product of a white hole. Some suppose that the Big Bang was actually the explosion of a white hole. There is some thought out there that white holes are a possible point Puma Running Shoes of origin for universes in a multiverse set up for the universe. How Plausible Is the Existence of White Holes? Although, when talking about Women's Puma Tour Cat Lo L white holes and their plausibility, some are quick to harp on the fact that black holes were once thought to be outlandish, and they then apply this example to the white hole case to keep our minds open to the possibility of white holes being existent Mens Puma First Round and it is usually good to keep our minds open there is currently not much evidence to support the existence of white holes nor to provide much hope for their actuality. It's definitely not impossible, of course. As for them being the other side of a blackhole, one major issue arises: The singularity that Cheap Puma Shoes caused the black hole still remains within the black hole, blocking the passage way; so anything that enters the black hole is "stacked" upon that singularity. So unless over some grandiose time scales there occurs some reaction within the black hole which allows for the exit of the matter, possibly some quantum processes, it Women's Puma Lazy Insect Shoes seems as if black holes don't allow for an exit. However, to keep some balance here, I would say that it's fair to say our understanding of the universe is almost laughably and helplessly jejune in terms of our ability to formulate both the physical dynamics and areas of the universe. So, it's not fair to rule much of any theory out at this point. However, just to mention here while we are discussing plausibility, there is the presupposition of a multiverse in much of white hole theory. Which of course isn't ridiculous, but it definitely should be mentioned. Also, it appears that as far as we have calculated thus far, white holes appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics. And, their very existence as the time reverse of a black hole in under scrutiny, due to the argument that black holes achieve thermal equilibrium by emitting Hawking radiation and that in a state of thermal equilibrium the time reverse of a black is again a black hole, because the time reverse is invariant.

This entails the setting up of wind monitors at different heights

Using Home Windmills for Power Where and how do I install the windmill? Do I have enough wind to run a windmill? What will be the payback period? How much power will it produce? How much CO2 will I save by using the windmill? Do I need planning permission? These are some of the questions I hope to answer in this article. Mens Puma Ferrari Shoes I will also examine how to carry out a wind survey, and their installation to the best operating location for an optimum regular power output. The Initial Wind Survey. Most government environmental departments have a section on renewable energy for the domestic market. Their website normally contains a section on wind turbines. In this section, there will be an average wind speed calculator. The postal code is inserted and the average wind speed for your location is shown and should be above 5m/s to make the project viable. If the location has a good average wind speed and planning permission isn't going to be a problem, then an in depth survey should be taken by a reputable wind survey company. This entails the setting up of wind monitors at different heights and locations around your intended plot, and can take anything up to two or three months, costing you around 350($566), but well worth every penny as this is the most relevant part of installing the windmill. The report will give wind speed, sustainability, direction and will recommend the size of generator Mens Puma Baylee Future Cat to install. So now we have decided to go ahead with the project, we can have a wee look at how the windmill works. A windmill for home power of 2 kW size consists of a hub containing a set of rotor blades, a nacelle and a support mast, the components operating Women's Puma Fluxion II as follows. The Nacelle This is the watertight GRP oblong streamlined container with a tail fin Mens Puma Tour Cat Lo L to hold the blades into the prevailing wind. The nacelle contains the rest of the working components which are bolted to support pads inside the nacelle using anti vibration bolts to limit noise during Puma Running Shoes operation. These include: The Drive Shaft. The shaft is driven by the blades and supported the full length of the nacelle by sealed for life bearings. The shaft enters the nacelle into the gearbox which controls the revolutions to the power generator. The Power Generator This usually produces a DC current which is inverted to AC suitable for the house electric main supply. However some modern generators supply AC power so an inverter is not required. In each case the supply cable from the generator is routed down through the hollow mast, exiting at the bottom and run underground to the gable end of the house. However, there are certain procedures to be followed to ensure your house is in a viable windy location, without high obstructions nearby. is usually required and a reputable firm should be selected to carry out a wind survey and subsequent windmill installation. A ball park figure for the cost of supply and Women's Puma Mummy Low installation of a windmill for home power is around 11000, ( $17794), but once installed and operating a government grant may be available of up to 2500, ($4044) provided the windmill is supplied and installed by a listed approved renewable Mens Puma Caterpillar Shoes energy company. A 2kW windmill described in the article can save up to 380 ($615) a year on electricity use from the grid. Calculating the Payback Period With a government grant, the payback Mens Puma Football Shoes period, provided it is producing the rated power will be 11000 2500/380 = 20 years. This is much the same as double glazing payback period and the anticipated life of the equipment. However, prices of windmills are falling as energy prices Cheap Puma Shoes rise and a windmill installation project can save 2.6 tons of CO2 per year. You also will have the satisfaction of sitting, having a drink in your garden, watching the blades whirring round, producing your electricity. There are cheaper, smaller wind turbines known as micro wind turbines which bolt onto the gable end of the house. Women's Puma Future Cat These are rated at up to 1kW, but so far, field trials have not been promising, the output being nowhere near the manufacturers' claims. This is mainly due to wind turbulence or from the turbine being sheltered from the wind by neighboring high buildings.

The arms are embedded in a thin disk of stars

Types of Galaxies Galaxies of this class have smoothly varying brightnesses, with the degree of brightness steadily decreasing outward from the centre. They appear elliptical in shape, with lines of equal brightness made up of concentric and similar ellipses. There are usually two opposing arms arranged symmetrically around the centre. The nucleus Mens Puma Ferrari Shoes of a spiral galaxy is a sharp peaked area of smooth texture, which can be quite small or, in some cases, can make up the bulk of the galaxy. The arms are embedded in a thin disk of stars. They have no noticeable symmetry nor obvious central nucleus, and they are generally bluer in colour than are the arms and disks of spiral galaxies. An extremely small number of them, however, are red and have a smooth, though nonsymmetrical, shape.Hubble subdivided these three classes into finer groups according to subtle differences in shape, as described in detail below. Other classification schemes similar to Hubble's follow this pattern but subdivide the Mens Puma Football Shoes galaxies differently. A notable example of one such system is that of Gerard de Vaucouleurs. This scheme, which has evolved considerably since its inception in 1959, includes a large number of codes for indicating different kinds of morphological characteristics visible in the images of galaxies. The major Hubble galaxy classes form the framework of de Cheap Puma Shoes Vaucouleurs's scheme, and its subdivision includes different families, varieties, and stages, as shown in Table 1.Examples of the de Vaucouleurs classification scheme are for galaxy M33, the Triangulum Nebula, which is classified as SA(s)cd, and the nearby small galaxy NGC 6822, classified as IB(s)m.An entirely different kind of classification scheme is the luminosity classification developed in 1960 by Sidney van den Bergh. Based on morphological considerations, luminosity classes are assigned to individual galaxies within the Hubble classes. Those that are the most luminous are given a luminosity class of I, and the intrinsically faintest members of a class are assigned a V or VI, recalling the general approach of the luminosity class scheme used for stellar spectra . Thus a very luminous galaxy with open, resolved arms would be an Sc I galaxy, while Women's Puma Espera shoes Puma Running Shoes a somewhat intrinsically fainter object with the same basic structure would be an Sc II or Sc III galaxy. To assign a luminosity class, a galaxy's image has to be compared with a set of standard images of galaxies for which distances are known and for which luminosity classes have been established by van den Bergh.Classification schemes based on criteria other than optical appearance have been proposed. Morgan), which combines information on the spectrum of a galaxy with its general shape. This is followed by a number that indicates the overall optical shape of the image, with 0 representing a circular image and a 10 (never actually realized) standing for a linear, infinitely thin image. An example is the galaxy M31, the Andromeda Nebula, which is classified as kS5 in the Morgan system.Systems that separate galaxies according to the character of their radio structure and the strength of their radio emissions also have been devised. For example, radio galaxies can be classified according to the following scheme:g: galaxies with normal radio fluxes.R: galaxies with strong radio emission. Many have distorted morphology, with evidence of explosive events or interactions with companions.cD: galaxies with Mens Puma Usain Bolt Shoes abnormally Women's Women's Puma Tour Cat Lo L Puma Mummy Low large, distended shapes, always found in the central areas of galaxy clusters and hypothesized to consist of merged galaxies.S: Seyfert galaxies, originally recognized by the American astronomer Carl K. Seyfert from optical spectra. These objects have very bright nuclei with strong emission lines of hydrogen and other common elements, showing velocities of hundreds or thousands of Mens Puma Kimi Raikkonen kilometres per second. Most are radio sources.N: galaxies with small, very bright nuclei and strong radio emission, probably similar to Seyfert galaxies but more distant.Q: quasars, small, extremely luminous objects, many of which are strong radio sources. Quasars apparently are related to Seyfert and N galaxies but have such bright nuclei that the underlying galaxy can be detected only with great difficulty.Although such schemes are sometimes used for special purposes, including, for example, certain kinds of statistical studies, the general scheme of Hubble in its updated form is the one most commonly used and so will be described in detail in the following section.